Research on Climate Resilience is embedded in the overall PIK strategy. Climate impacts will affect the ability of societies to stay within the Planetary Boundaries, e.g. regarding sustainable freshwater use, land system change or biosphere integrity. Climate impacts will also provide new challenges for managing the Global Commons, like land, water and forests. Effective adaptation measures at different scales have to be assessed in the context of long-term transformation pathways, integrating climate impacts, adaptation and mitigation.