Energy

Water Resources

Climate-Induced Disasters

Agriculture

Health

INTRODUCTION

The Central Asian region is already facing the impact of climate change, which poses a real threat to food, water and energy security, public health and impede the achievement of the countries' sustainable development goals.

The countries of Central Asia are among the most vulnerable to climate change. Climate change affects the well-being of more than 70 million people, mostly living in rural areas of the Central Asian region. Given that agriculture is a key sector of the economy, the impact of climate change poses a serious threat to the region's food security and resilience. Building resilience to the increasing impact of climate change, such as melting glaciers and drought, is a top priority in reducing poverty and increasing prosperity in the region.1

In Central Asia, the fastest rise in average annual temperature occurs near the Caspian Sea. In the Aral Sea region and the southern desert regions of Central Asia - in the south of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - precipitation has decreased by more than 5 percent in a decade.

Given the characteristic features of the region, vulnerability to climate change manifests itself in the form of an increase in the intensity of melting of glaciers and snowfields in the highlands of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, a change in water supply, an increasing frequency of natural disasters and an increased degree of aridity. All these risks can cause enormous damage to economic stability and food security in Central Asia.

All Central Asian countries are parties to the Paris Agreement and integrate climate issues into government programs and strategies. Climate change mitigation issues are reflected in Nationally Determined Contributions.

The World Bank report “Climate Change Adaptation in Central Asia” (2009) notes that average temperatures in the region have already increased by 0.5 ° C; by 2030-2050, the temperature is projected to increase by 1.6-2.6 ° C. The cumulative effects of climate change and the almost complete depletion of the resources of the Aral Sea exacerbate the problem of water scarcity. Higher temperatures lead to earlier melting of snow, resulting in the peak flow of water in rivers in the spring, and during the irrigation season it is reduced by almost 25%. So far, the volumes of runoff are increasing due to the rapid melting of glaciers. However, according to forecasts, after the Central Asian region reaches peak indicators of water consumption by about 2050, the situation will change, and the volume of runoff will sharply decrease.2

Climate change will have implications for all sectors of the economy that are decisive for economic growth and development of the region, including, not least, for energy, agriculture and disaster risk management systems (in Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic, the costs of mitigation of the consequences of natural disasters caused by meteorological events is estimated at 1% of GDP per year), which are also important in a transboundary context. Adaptation will become not one of the possible development options for the region, but a necessity (CAWEP).3

1 http://www.caiag.kg/ru/novosti/327-dushanbe-ru
2 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/864641567759267834/CAWEP-Brochure-2019-ru.pdf
3 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/864641567759267834/CAWEP-Brochure-2019-ru.pdf

introduction

Central Asia is rich in energy resources. Downstream Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have significant oil, gas and coal reserves, as well as significant wind and solar power generation potential, as well as grounds for expanding regional energy cooperation. The upstream countries Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic have significant, but not fully utilized, hydropower potential. The availability of such diverse energy systems implies the ability to meet the seasonal electricity needs of all countries in the most economical and environmentally friendly way: with maximum use of inexpensive hydropower in the summer and reliable sources of thermal energy in the winter, when the cold climate limits hydropower production. At the same time, countries can build capacity to develop sources of wind and solar energy in the future.4

4 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/864641567759267834/CAWEP-Brochure-2019-ru.pdf

Situational Analysis in...

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Introduction

Kazakhstan has about 0.5% of the world's balance reserves of mineral fuel, which amounts to 30 billion tons of fuel equivalent, of which coal accounts for 80%, oil and gas condensate - 13%, and natural and associated gas - 7%. The installed electric capacity of Kazakhstan power plants is about 18 GW (thermal power plants - 87.5%, hydraulic power plants - 12.4%). Kazakhstan has a well-developed district heating infrastructure. The installed electric capacity of CHPs is more than 6,700 MW (38% of the capacity of all power plants in the country). At the same time, they cover about 40% of heat consumption and about 46% of power consumption in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's energy sector is mainly focused on the use of hydrocarbon fuel. Only about 12% of electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants, and 87% by thermal power plants.

In 2015, 76 power plants of various forms of ownership produced electricity in Kazakhstan. The total installed capacity of power plants in Kazakhstan is 21,307.2 MW, and the available capacity is 17,500.1 MW. In 2015, Kazakhstan produced 90,976.6 million kWh. Power generation in 2016 increased by 3.6% to 94076.5 million kWh. Production and consumption of energy resources in Kazakhstan are mainly due to the combustion of mineral fuels, particularly coal. Plans to expand coal and oil production indicate that dependence on traditional energy sources will continue. Meanwhile, work is underway to modernize coal-fired power plants, which will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By 2020, the small hydro, wind, and solar power are expected to account for 3% of the country's total electricity generation. As of August 2017, their share is 1%1.

International commitments

Multilateral cooperation in industry and energy is carried out through the EAEU and CIS.

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) defines key areas of cooperation for the medium term and includes innovative modernization and production of machinery and equipment for the fuel and energy complex.2

National legislation
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On energy saving"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Electric Power Industry"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On support of renewable energy sources use"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on energy saving and energy efficiency"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the issues of electric power industry"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on support of renewable energy sources and electric power industry"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on electric power industry, energy saving and energy efficiency, subsoil use, local state administration, state border, housing and communal services and science"
National regulatory programs

The Electric Power Development Program is of a conceptual nature and is designed as part of the strategy implementing the development program of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 20303. The electric power industry, being one of the basic industries, plays an important role in the economic and social sphere of any state. Therefore, the electric power complex is defined as one of the priority sectors of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is considered as a dynamically balanced system of energy - economy - nature - society with sustainable development of electric power industry based on new highly efficient technologies and constant reduction of energy intensity of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country.

State authorities in charge of this area

The Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan4 formulates and implements state policy, coordinates the management process in the areas of oil and gas, oil and gas chemical industry, transportation of hydrocarbons, uranium mining, state regulation of oil products, gas and gas supply, main pipeline, electric power, heat supply, in terms of combined heat and power plants and boilers that produce heat energy in the district heating, nuclear power and nuclear energy.

The Department of Renewable Energy of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan5 is engaged in the formation and implementation of state policy in the development of renewable energy sources. The Department develops proposals for the formation of state policy in the field of renewable energy sources support, carries out management and inter-sectoral coordination in the field of renewable energy sources support, develops and coordinates normative legal acts in the field of renewable energy sources support, makes proposals for improvement of state standards in the field of renewable energy sources use.

Sources

1 http://sustainable.eep.kz/upload/RUS_Saulet_Report_12-2017_RUS.pdf
2 http://gkpen.kg/index.php/komitet/inter
3 http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000384_
4 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo?lang=ru
5 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo/about/structure/departments/leadership/4910/1?lang=ru

Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

introduction

Water resources are predominantly transboundary in nature. Most of the region's surface water resources are formed in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. These waters flow into the two main rivers in the downstream countries - Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan - which are part of the Aral Sea basin. Water resources are critical to the region's economy, people and the environment. Irrigation, for example, is vital to agricultural production, and most of the populations of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are directly or indirectly dependent on irrigated agriculture. Water is also essential for energy production - hydropower meets over 90 percent of the total electricity needs in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and is also an export commodity. Competing agricultural needs in downstream countries and hydropower in upstream countries are fueling serious political debate in the region, placing water at the center of regional security and stability.5

Water resources are limited, the demand for water increases as the population grows and the economy develops, and competition and potential conflicts over water increase between different water users. After the collapse of the USSR, in order to avoid interstate conflicts, the young states of the region established the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (ICWC) in 1992.6

The frequency, seasonality and magnitude of water-related disasters are expected to change under the influence of changing climatic factors.7

The disappearance of water resources is negatively affected by climate change and rising temperatures. The consequence of this has already become a reduction in the number and volume of the Tien Shan and Pamir glaciers, which are the main sources of replenishment of the river basins in Central Asia.8

In addition to climate change, the speed of glacier melting is influenced by dust and salt, which are carried by winds from the drying bottom of the Aral Sea. Every year, tons of dust and salt are deposited on the glaciers of the Pamir and Tien Shan, thereby affecting the rate and area of melting.9

5 https://gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/publications/technical-focus-papers/05.-integrated-water-resources-management-in-central-asia-2014-russian.pdf
6 https://livingasia.online/2019/11/16/vodnye-resursy-czentralnoj-azii-i-klimat/
7 https://www.cawa-project.net/ru/portret/
8 http://ecogosfond.kz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/CA.D.278-Vodno-jenergeticheskaja-bezopasnost-Centralnoj-Azii.pdf
9 http://ecogosfond.kz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/CA.D.278-Vodno-jenergeticheskaja-bezopasnost-Centralnoj-Azii.pdf

Situational Analysis in...

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Introduction

Water resources in Kazakhstan depend to a large extent on river and lake runoff. Glaciers are the main source of feeding the rivers of Kazakhstan. A total of 2,724 glaciers with a total glaciation area of 2,033.3 square meters have been identified in the mountains of Kazakhstan. Almost half of the total area of glaciation accounts for the Dzungarian Alatau mountains (more than 1,000 square meters). On the territory of Kazakhstan there are 85 022 rivers and temporary waterways, including 84 694 rivers up to 100 km long, 305 rivers up to 500 km and 23 rivers more than 500-1000 km long. The Irtysh is the most abundant river in Kazakhstan. Its length within the republic is 1,700 km (total length 4,248 km). The second biggest river in Kazakhstan, Syr Darya, is 1,400 km long within the republic (total length 2,219 km). The main artery of the Lake Balkhash basin is the Ile River, 1001 km long (within Kazakhstan 815 km). The most significant rivers include the Ural, Ishim, Tobol, Ilek, Shu, Torgai, Sarysu, Talas, Nura, Emba, etc.
By the nature of feeding the rivers of Kazakhstan are divided into 3 types: snow, glacial and mixed. There are 48,262 lakes in Kazakhstan, of which 45,248 are small (the area is less than 1 square kilometer). There are 296 large lakes (over 10 sq. km) and 21 lakes over 100 sq. km in size. The latter comprise 60% of the water surface of all lakes in Kazakhstan. Two kinds of lakes are distinguished - of tectonic and exogenic origin. The Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, Balkhash, Teniz, Alakol and Markakol are located in tectonic depressions. The total volume of water level in the lakes of Kazakhstan is more than 190 square kilometers. The territory of Kazakhstan is washed by isolated water bodies of the Caspian and Aral Seas from the south-west and western parts. The Caspian Sea is divided into three parts: northern shallow (4-8 m), middle (up to 780 m) and southern deep (more than 1,000 m). The Aral Sea occupies the depression of the Turan Depression. The bottom of the sea is entirely in the area of shelf depths, and the water level is intensively lowered.1

International commitments

The Republic of Kazakhstan joined the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes in Helsinki (Finland), March 17, 1992, which regulates a number of aspects of transboundary water management.

ICWC Agreements 2
Agreement between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Republic of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan on cooperation in joint management of the use and protection of interstate water resources 3
Statement of Heads of water authorities of Central Asian Republics and Kazakhstan 4
Provision about Interstate Coordination Water Commission of Central Asia (ICWC) 5
Provision about Interstate Coordination Water Commission of Central Asia (ICWC) Executive Bodies and their Heads rotation order 6
Provision about Scientific-Information Center on Water Problems at Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia (SIC ICWC) 7
Provision on SIC ICWC branches in the Aral Sea basin states7
Provision about permanent body (Secretariat) of Interstate Coordination Water Commission
Statute of Basin Water-Management Association "Amudarya " 8
Statute of Basin Water-Management Association "Syrdarya " 9
Statute of Coordination Metrological Center at Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia (CMC ICWC) 10
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government11 of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Use of Water and Energy Resources in the Syrdarya River Basin 12
Protocol between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Use of Water and Energy Resources of the Naryn-Syrdarya Reservoirs Cascade in 200113

National legislation
  • Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Amendments and Additions to the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Ratification of the Loan Agreement (Project "Regulation of the Syrdarya River Channel and Preservation of the Northern Aral Sea (Phase 1)" between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development"
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About rural consumer cooperative of water users"
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Peasant (Farmer) Farming"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On agricultural partnerships and their associations (unions)"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Accession of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Ratification of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on the Use of Water Management Facilities of Intergovernmental Status on the Chu and Talas Rivers
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On ratification of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Government of Turkmenistan and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan about status of the International Fund for the Aral Sea Saving (IFAS) and its organizations
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Issues of Permit System"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Amendments and Addenda to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Water Supply and Sanitation, Loans and Subsidies to Housing and Communal Services" (2015)
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to a "green economy" (2016)
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On amendments and additions to the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the division of powers between local representative, central and local executive bodies to subsidize the drinking water supply" (2021)
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on issues related to activities on the Caspian Sea" (2021)
National regulatory programs

The concept of the RK Water Resources Management Program for 2020-2030 was approved in January 2020. The annual surface water resources of the RK amount to about 100 cu km, of which more than 44% are formed outside the country. Agriculture accounts for 67% of water consumption, industry for 30%, and the rest for domestic needs. By 2040 it is expected that water consumption in Kazakhstan will increase by 56%. The Water Resources Management Program 2020-2030 aims to maintain a water balance of 100 km3 by 2030 by increasing surface water resources: construction of new reservoirs by 5-7 km3, water conservation by 5 km3, and groundwater use by 15 km3. By this period, it is planned to reduce water consumption per GDP unit from 91,2 to 73,0 cu m per 1 thou m2, build 26 new hydraulic structures, and reconstruct 182 national and 300 municipal hydraulic structures. The document provides for the construction of new irrigation systems to increase irrigated lands from 1.7 to 3 million ha, and increase the length of lined main and distribution channels from 3423 to 19 thousand km.
The Kazakhstan Water Resources Management Program 2020-2030 will include 10 main directions: international cooperation, renewal of legal framework, institutional reforms, modernization and reconstruction of water infrastructure, study of international best practices of water market creation, digitalization of water sector, implementation of Smart Water project, environmentally optimal use of water resources, training of water sector specialists with modern skills, and implementation of important national water projects.14

State authorities in charge of this area

State authorities in charge of this area The Committee on Water Resources and the Department of Transboundary Rivers of the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan (CWR, DTR MEGPR RK)
The CWR MEGPR RK is a legal entity subordinate to the Ministry, in the organizational and legal form of a public institution, has seals and stamps with its name in the state language, letterheads of standard pattern, in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan accounts in the treasury. The Committee shall enter into civil law relations on its own behalf. The Committee shall have the right to act as a party to civil-law relations on behalf of the state if it is authorized to do so in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Committee shall make decisions on matters within its competence in the manner prescribed by law, formalized by orders of the Chairman of the Committee and other acts stipulated by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.15
DTR MEWR RK - ensuring cooperation with neighboring states on the regulation of water relations, rational use and protection of transboundary waters. ensuring international cooperation in the use and protection of transboundary waters.

Sources

1 http://www.heritagenet.unesco.kz/kz/content/nature/water_resource.htm
2 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc1.pdf
3 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc2.pdf
4 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_icwc.pdf
5 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_icwc_rotation.pdf
6 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_sic_icwc.pdf
7 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_sic_icwc_branches.pdf
8 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_bwo_amudarya.pdf
9 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_bwo_syrdarya.pdf
10 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/icwc/statute_cmc_icwc.pdf
11 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/gov1.pdf
12 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/gov1.pdf
13 http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/gov2.pdf
14 https://primeminister.kz/ru/news/pravitel-stvo-utverdilo-koncepciu-programmy-upravleniy-vodnymi-resursami-rk-na-2020-2030-gody
15 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ecogeo?lang=ru

Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

introduction

Climate change is an increase in air temperature that affects various natural processes. For example, on the speed and extent of glacier melting. This along the chain leads to the intensity of mudflows, landslides and floods. Also, natural disasters related to climate change include droughts, heavy rains, frosts and hurricanes.10

10 https://carececo.org/main/news/predotvratit-mezhdunarodnyy-den-umensheniya-opasnosti-bedstviy/

Situational Analysis in...

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Introduction

According to estimates of the Committee for Water Resources, by 2020 in Kazakhstan it is expected to reduce the available surface water resources from 100 to 70 cubic km per year. And the reduction of transboundary flow is predicted from 44 to 18.5 cubic km per year. Moreover, due to the intensive melting of glaciers, local water runoff will decrease by 10-20% already by 2020-2030.

According to experts, by 2050 the flow of Zhaiyk (Urals) river is expected to decrease by 2.2 cubic km, Yertis (Irtysh) - by 1.4 cubic km, Yesil - by 1.1 cubic km, Tobol - by 0.1 cubic km. Thus, according to foreign researchers, there is a risk of water scarcity in Kazakhstan, and by 2050 the republic can appear in the list of states of catastrophic water stress. It is logical that such forecast of events cannot but affect socio-economic growth of the country. And first of all, the ongoing changes are reflected in the agricultural sector. Calculations show that under the expected climate conditions the yield of spring wheat by 2030 will amount to 63-91% of their current level on average in the regions. And if the current level of farming culture is maintained until 2050, spring wheat yields will decrease by 13-49%. The greatest changes are predicted in the main grain-producing regions - North Kazakhstan, Akmola and Kostanay.

International commitments

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third World Conference in Sendai, Japan on March 18, 2015.1

The Doha Amendment established a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol for 37 countries from 2013 to 20202.2

National legislation
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the state of emergency".
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Article 6. Major Threats to National Security.
State authorities in charge of this area

Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan3 - the central executive body responsible for the formation of state policy in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergencies of natural and man-made nature, civil defense, inter-sectoral coordination in the field of fire and industrial safety, formation and development of state material reserve, ensuring the functioning and further development of the state system of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations, organization of n Territorial Departments of Emergency Situations have been established, are territorial units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the management of civil protection agencies and units in the city.

Sources

1 https://www.gndr.org/images/newsite/PDFs/SFDRR-ru.pdf
2 https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/the-doha-amendment
3 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/emer?lang=ru

Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

introduction

Central Asia is rich in a variety of agricultural production. In terms of cultivation patterns and agrarian structures, there are differences between the Central Asian republics, but also within countries. Crop diversity has increased in the region since 1991, but some countries have also retained their specialization (to a certain extent).

Agriculture plays a significant role in the economy of Central Asia. The leading place belongs to agriculture. The main tracts of irrigated land are located in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, which specialize in the production of industrial crops and mainly cotton. In turn, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan specialize in the production of grain crops. Grain growing is also developed in Uzbekistan.11

11 https://www.brif.kz/blog/?p=3338

Situational Analysis in...

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Introduction

A sixth of the population employed in the economy of Kazakhstan works in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. At the same time, agricultural production (including forestry and fishing) occupies only 4.6 percent in the GDP structure. Rural areas are home to 43 percent of the population. The total area of cultivated land is 21.5 million hectares.

The northern regions specialize in the cultivation of grain and fodder crops; the southern regions, where irrigation plays a major role, have a greater diversification of cultivated crops (cereals, oilseeds, fruit and berry crops, vegetables, cotton). Kazakhstani agriculture is a source of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. These two sources account in total for about 88% of all greenhouse gases emitted by the sector. Adverse changes in natural and climatic conditions and unstable weather conditions are identified as threats to the development of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Due to adverse climatic conditions in 2012 and 2014 large areas of crops were lost - about 1407 thousand hectares (or 15 percent of the area of insured crops) and 369 thousand hectares (or 8 percent) respectively. Moreover, the total area of insured crops decreased 40 times in 2015 compared to 2012, when a total of about 9,320 thousand hectares were insured.1

International commitments

Kazakhstan has adopted the Law "On Ratification of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification"2 , which entered into force on 7 July 1997. Thus, Kazakhstan undertook an obligation to implement all the provisions of the Convention, especially the provisions included in the Annex for Asia.

The Convention on Biological Diversity plays an important role in the process of conservation and restoration of biological diversity on the Earth. Efforts made by the Parties to the Convention are aimed at joint solution of one of the global challenges facing humanity. The Republic of Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994.3

Kazakhstan joined the Global Land Degradation Neutral Support Program in May 2017.4

National legislation
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Rural Consumer Cooperative of Water Users"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On state regulation of development of agro-industrial complex and rural areas"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Grain"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On development of the cotton industry"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Protection of Breeding Achievements
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Seed Production"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Compulsory Insurance in Crop Production"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On making amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the activities of peasant or farmer households"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Ratification of the Agreement on Uniform Rules of State Support for Agriculture"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Introduction of Amendments and Addenda to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Issues of Development and Support of the Agroindustrial Complex"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On introduction of amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the issues of agro-industrial complex"
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Plant Protection"
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Beekeeping
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Veterinary"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On agricultural partnerships and their associations (unions)"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On rural consumer cooperation in the Republic of Kazakhstan"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Quarantine of Plants
  • Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On livestock breeding"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Peasant or Farmer Farming"
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Pastures"
National regulatory programs

The State Program of Development of Agro-industrial Complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2017-2021 (hereinafter - the Program) was developed in accordance with the instruction of the Head of State, given at the enlarged meeting of the Government of the RK dated September 9, 2016, in accordance with the strategic development objectives of the RK, outlined in the Plan of the Nation "100 concrete steps" and the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050". Thus, this Program will be aimed at meeting the domestic needs of the population in demanded types of agricultural products, the definition of a targeted export policy. The program is based on the integration of the Program for the development of agribusiness in the Republic of Kazakhstan "Agribusiness - 2017" and the State Program on Water Resources Management of Kazakhstan36.

According to the Master Plan "Stabilization of the grain market", by 2020 it is planned to increase the area of water-saving technologies to 12.8 million hectares, including no-tillage - 4.8 million hectares.

State authorities in charge of this area

The Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan - is the central executive body responsible for managing the agro-industrial complex, irrigated agriculture and land reclamation, land resources, as well as inter-branch coordination of state bodies in the sphere of activities within its competence, to the extent provided by law.

Sources

1 http://sustainable.eep.kz/upload/RUS_Saulet_Report_12-2017_RUS.pdf
2 https://tengrinews.kz/zakon/parlament-respubliki-kazahstan/mejdunapodnyie-otnosheniya-respubliki-kazahstan/id-Z970000149_/
3 http://esgrs.org/?page_id=9216
4 https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/2018-11/Kazakhstan%20LDN%20TSP%20Country%20Report.pdf

Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

introduction

The main consequence of high temperatures is the impact on the health of population. More and more people in Central Asia will be exposed to temperature stress due to the spread of heat waves. When the climate changes, a person is affected not only by temperature fluctuations, but also by winds, pressure, due to which stress is transferred by the body more heavily.12

12 https://caa-network.org/archives/8007

Situational Analysis in...

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Introduction

The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan in connection with the impact of climate change on Kazakhstan's health system has approved a plan of action for 2012-2015. As part of this plan it was planned to carry out activities such as the creation of a safe system of health protection from an environmental point of view, strengthening human and scientific capacity, preventing the negative effects of the environment and climate change on human health, increasing public knowledge on this issue and dissemination of necessary information. In addition, a schematic analysis of energy consumption and resilience to extreme weather is planned for health facilities. And also close interaction of health authorities with agriculture and water resources organizations in order to protect public health from impacts of climatic conditions. It should be noted that a number of state programs are also being implemented in Kazakhstan today. In particular, the program to combat desertification and the program of greening the regions "Development of Regions", which is given special attention. The "Akbulak" ("Clean Source") program on provision of safe drinking water to the population is being amended. At the same time, a rural development program and a long-term strategy for the transition to a "green economy" are being prepared.

One of the priority areas in Kazakhstan is the improvement of the health-care system. Public hospitals account for 80% and private hospitals for 20%. At present, Kazakhstan faces the following problems: high tuberculosis rate, low life expectancy, high infant mortality rate, and a developing epidemic of venereal diseases. According to statistics, the greatest increase in mortality was seen among middle-aged men. At present, the treatment of tuberculosis, cancer and venereal diseases is a priority in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Special government programs are being adopted in all areas.1

International commitments

The World Health Organization's goal is to ensure that all people, at all ages, have healthy lives and well-being. As part of its new five-year strategic plan, the Thirteenth General Program of Work, WHO has identified 10 health challenges to work on in 2019. Weak primary health care systems are one of the 10 global health challenges to which the Republic of Kazakhstan has been contributing for 40 years, starting with the adoption by all WHO member states of the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care in 1978.2
In October 2018, all countries recommitted to strengthening primary health care systems and unanimously adopted the Astana Declaration on Primary Health Care (PHC), which:
Defines health as a priority in public policy;
recognizes PHC as a way to achieve universal health coverage and the UN Sustainable Development Goals;
contains clear commitments by states, the medical community, people and partners (international organizations, private sector, NGOs) on the path to health for all;
Calls for most health services to be delivered through PHC and for cost containment.3

National legislation
  • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Public Health and the Health Care System"
  • Laws - On approval of the State Program of Health Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020 - 2025 (changes as of December 26, 2019), the goal is to form commitment to healthy lifestyles and development of public health service; improving the quality of medical care; sustainable development of the health care system. One of the main focuses of the Program will be to strengthen the health of children, adolescents and youth through disease prevention, timely care and full rehabilitation, taking into account international best practices, in accordance with the approaches in the Health Strategy 2016 - 2030 of UNICEF 4
National regulatory programs

The State Health Development Program of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Densaulyk" for 2016 - 2019 was adopted by Presidential Decree No. 176 of January 15, 2016. The purpose of the Program - Strengthening public health to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of the country.5

State authorities in charge of this area

The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan- 6 is a central executive body within the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which exercises leadership and, to the extent provided by law, inter-branch coordination in the field of health protection of citizens, medical and pharmaceutical education.

Sources

1 https://informburo.kz/tags/zdravoohranenie.html
2 http://www.rcrz.kz/index.php/ru/2017-03-12-10-51-13/tsentr-globalnogo-zdravookhraneniya
3 http://www.rcrz.kz/index.php/ru/2017-03-12-10-51-13/tsentr-globalnogo-zdravookhraneniya
4 https://tengrinews.kz/zakon/pravitelstvo-respubliki-kazahstan-premer-ministr-rk/zdravoohranenie/id-P1900000982/
5 http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U1600000176
6 https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/dsm?lang=ru

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